Suse Global Color Meaning Database A Cross-Cultural Color Reference
Updated 2026-09
Founder & Lead Curator: Chloe Chen

The collection

Six colors, read across cultures

A reference collection that gathers, in one place and with a citation for every claim, what published research says about the meaning of six core colors, and how that meaning shifts from one culture, century, and market to the next.

Open sacks of bright powdered pigments for sale on a market stall in Goa, India.
Pigment market, Goa, India. Photograph by Dan Brady, CC BY 2.0.

Built to be cited and built on

Infrastructure

This is a reference others extend, not a file to download once. Every record carries a permanent identifier and a copy-ready citation, so a finding here can be pointed to from a paper, a syllabus, or another dataset and still resolve years later. The collection grows the way a shared reference grows: new color and case records are contributed under a stated standard of evidence and review, and each is citable the moment it is published.

Success is read in two numbers that are not yet posted because they would be invented: the count of contributors who have added or revised a record, and the count of scholarly works that cite the collection or a record in it. A teaching module drawn from these records is a welcome secondary use, not the headline.

Primary fieldwork is live

New: wave 1

The database carries its own primary data. Wave 1 of The Color Testimony Project, the project's fieldwork arm, is collected and published: eight recorded interviews with contributors of Chinese, Chinese-Canadian, and Chinese-American backgrounds, seven completed five-scale rating cards, and the quotes, idioms, and generational testimony they produced. Every color record's survey panel shows real ratings with their sample size, and quotes from the interviews sit inside the records, cited by contributor code.

Wave 2 opened in September 2026 with a short-form protocol built for school days and aimed at contributors outside the Chinese diaspora; the rating card is unchanged, so the waves pool. The fieldwork layer is built as an oral-history archive to published standards and precedents, and a theory page sets out how anthropologists argue about color and what each position predicts for this data. The public progress log carries the counts, the release history, and what is still open.

Browse by reading
GCMD-001
Red
Vitality, danger, luck, love, revolution.
GCMD-002
Blue
Calm, trust, sadness, the sacred, distance.
GCMD-003
Green
Nature, growth, the sacred in Islam, envy, permission.
GCMD-004
Yellow
Joy, imperial authority in China, caution, cowardice.
GCMD-005
Black
Death and mourning in the West, power, formality, elegance.
GCMD-006
Pink
Femininity, sweetness, care, and the gendered market.

What this collection is

Scope

Color meaning is usually discussed one anecdote at a time: white is for mourning here, red is for luck there. This collection treats those claims as evidence to be sourced rather than folklore to be repeated. Each record states the core meanings a color carries, documents how that meaning varies across at least three cultures with a real citation for each variation, adds a short historical note, names the kind of evidence behind the claims, and lists its sources. Each record's survey panel carries primary data from the project's own fieldwork, The Color Testimony Project, with the sample size stated on the panel and the method documented on the fieldwork page.

A note on certainty The strongest claims here, such as red being affectively salient or yellow being tied to joy, rest on quantitative studies across dozens of nations. The cultural specifics, such as which color a culture wears to a funeral, rest on historical and ethnographic sources. The records keep these two kinds of evidence visibly separate, because they are not equally certain.

Case records

10 cited findings

Beneath the six color records sits a finding-aid layer: one record per distinct, separately citable cross-cultural finding. These are the evidentiary objects that the color records synthesize. Each links to a single peer-reviewed or scholarly source and carries its own Dublin Core record.

Cross-cultural case records, by identifier
IDFindingCoverageRelates toGrade
GCMD-C01Color-emotion associations are broadly shared across 30 nations30 nations, 22 languagesAllGrade A
GCMD-C02A 128-year review confirms reliable color-emotion links64 countriesAllGrade A
GCMD-C03Color preference tracks the objects a color brings to mindUnited States samplesBlueGrade A
GCMD-C04Affective meanings of color recur across 23 communities23 language-culture communitiesRed, Black, WhiteGrade A
GCMD-C05A shared preference for white across Japan, China, and IndonesiaJapan, China, IndonesiaWhite, BlackGrade B
GCMD-C06Basic color terms enter languages in a constrained order98 languagesBlue, GreenGrade B
GCMD-C07The girls-prefer-pink pattern is absent in small-scale societiesPeru, Vanuatu, Congo, AustraliaPinkGrade B
GCMD-C08The pink-feminine convention is recent, not ancientWestern Europe, United StatesPinkGrade B
GCMD-C09Women's personal-care products average 10.6 percent moreUnited States, ~40,000 storesPinkGrade A
GCMD-C10A digital advertising pink tax reaches women at higher cost187 countries, 4.5M+ ad audiencesPinkGrade A